1) The recent social and political movements advocating for LGBTQ+ rights have resulted in significant advancements, including the legalization of same-sex marriage in many countries and increased visibility and acceptance of LGBTQ+ individuals.

2) The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494, divided the newly discovered lands outside of Europe between Spain and Portugal, leading to the colonization of the Americas.

3) The abolition of slavery in the United States was officially proclaimed with the ratification of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.

4) The United Nations Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and security, with five permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) holding veto power over resolutions.